' from the 1927 movie '. Statue in Babelsberg, Germany.and have frequently been depicted or described in works of fiction. The word 'robot' itself comes from a work of fiction, 's play, written in 1920 and first performed in 1921.This list of fictional robots and androids is chronological, and categorised by medium. It includes all depictions of robots, androids and in literature, television, and cinema; however, robots that have appeared in more than one form of media are not necessarily listed in each of those media. This list is intended for all fictional computers which are described as existing in a humanlike or mobile form. It shows how the concept has developed in the human imagination through history.Static computers depicted in fiction are discussed in the separate.
For robots produced for entertainment in the eighteenth century, see., a life-size dancing doll in the ballet of the same name, choreographed by with music by (1870). The word 'robot' comes from 's play, written in 1920 in the and first performed 1921. Performed in New York 1922 and an English edition published in 1923. In the play, the word refers to forms. Named robots in the play are Marius, Sulla, Radius, Primus, Helena, and Damon. The play introduced and popularized the term 'robot'. Čapek's robots are biological machines that are assembled, as opposed to grown or born.Literature.
Long, Tony (25 January 2011). From the original on 18 May 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
Hitchcock, Susan Tyler (2007). From the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title. 14 August 2007 at the at 16 October 2007 at the. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007.
Retrieved 12 July 2005. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown. 23 June 2016 at the at 26 February 2006 at the. 25 January 2016 at the at 26 February 2006 at the. 20 February 2006 at the at 26 February 2006 at the.
From the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012. From the original on 16 January 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2015. From the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title.
From the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to and.
– A Complete Illustrated History of Robots in the Movies. – over 600 movies with robots, androids, cyborgs and AI. – over 300 TV series with robots, androids, cyborgs and AI. – with fictional inductees HAL-9000 and R2-D2. at Mahalo.
.July 13, 1987February 20, 2018Metal Gear (: メタルギア,: Metaru Gia) is a series of created by and developed and published. The first game, was released in 1987 for. The player often takes control of a operative (usually or ), who is assigned the task of finding the titular superweapon ', a bipedal with the ability to launch nuclear weapons., Solid's twin brother, appears as an antagonist taking control of U.S. Special forces unit FOXHOUND.Several sequels have been released for multiple consoles, which have expanded the original game's plot, adding characters opposing and supporting Snake, while there have also been a few prequels exploring the origins of Metal Gear and recurring characters. The third game in the series, for the, marked the beginning of a whole new line of 3D for Metal Gear. As of March 2018, over 53.8 million copies of games in the franchise have been sold worldwide, with individual installments critically and commercially acclaimed and receiving several awards.The series is credited for pioneering and popularizing and 'cinematic video games'.
Notable traits of the series include stealth mechanics, cinematic, intricate storylines, offbeat and humour, and exploration of, and themes, with references to to add flavor. The franchise has also been adapted into other media, such as,. Solid Snake also appeared as a in. Contents.Games Release timeline 20172018designed the original Metal Gear, which debuted in Japan and Europe in 1987 for the computer platform.
A separate team created a heavily modified (NES) port of the game that was released in Japan on December 22, 1987, North America in June 1988, and Europe and Australia sometime in 1989. Konami produced an NES sequel, again without Kojima, released in North America and Europe in 1990. One of that game's designers became acquainted with Kojima and asked him to create a 'real Metal Gear sequel'. In reaction, Kojima began development of, which was released in Japan in 1990 for the MSX2.Following Metal Gear 2 's completion, Kojima worked on other projects before directing his third Metal Gear game, for the. It began development in 1994 and debuted at the 1996, before being released in 1998.
The success of Metal Gear Solid resulted in a series of sequels, prequels, spin-offs, ports, and for, the,. Metal Gear Solid was followed up by the sequel released in November 2001 for the PlayStation 2. A remake of the original Metal Gear Solid called was made for the Nintendo GameCube in early 2004. Later that year, the third numbered entry, was released on the PlayStation 2. This is the first prequel which was set prior to all the previously released Metal Gear games and which acted as an origin to the franchise. These games were followed by a sequel to Snake Eater, which was released on the PlayStation Portable in 2006. The series' main storyline was concluded in for the PlayStation 3 in 2008.
The game featured a multiplayer spin-off called. In April 2010, another sequel to Snake Eater, was released for the PlayStation Portable and was set shortly after the events of Portable Ops.
The spinoff game, was released in 2013 on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and in Jan 2014 on Steam(PC). The game is set after Guns of the Patriots and stars, the protagonist of Sons of Liberty who turned into a cyborg ninja. Was released on March 18, 2014 for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PC, Xbox 360, and Xbox One. Ground Zeroes was much shorter than previous games and served as an introduction to the next game,. The latest game in the series is The Phantom Pain, which was released on September 1, 2015 for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PC, Xbox 360, and Xbox One.Expanded re-releases of games in the series were produced as well, such as Integral ( Metal Gear Solid), Substance ( Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty), and Subsistence ( ). The series' portable installments are usually set outside the main storyline. Was released for the Game Boy Color, and several games were released for Sony's PlayStation Portable.
In a departure from the series' style, and used turn-based strategy mechanics based on.On May 18, 2009, a teaser site for the following installment in the Metal Gear series was uploaded by Kojima Production. The site has so far consisted of a series of countdowns leading to several flashing letters and the images of two characters looking like a middle-aged and a cyborg. An article published in the July 2009 issue of covers the content of the site and features an interview with Hideo Kojima. The interview, revealing many details, is heavily censored and was published that way as a request by Kojima, who is directing and designing the new game. Famitsu was to publish the full interview in its following issue. The new game was eventually revealed to be, which was announced on June 1, 2009, at E3, during the Microsoft Press Conference.At E3 2010, a demo, 'Metal Gear Solid 3D: Snake Eater – The Naked Sample', was shown on the.
The official E3 Kojima site later released screenshots and official art for the demo. Kojima did state, however, that this was not a preview for a full game but just a sample of what could be done on the 3DS hardware. Another mobile port of a previously released game was shown at Sony's PlayStation Meeting on January 27, 2011, where Hideo Kojima demonstrated a possible portable version of Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots for the upcoming.On June 2, 2011, Konami announced the which was released in November 2011 for both the.
The collection features remastered versions of Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty, and Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker, rendered in and running at 60fps, including Trophies/Achievements, and remastered audio. On August 15, 2011, UK retailer secured the exclusive right to sell the Metal Gear Solid: Ultimate HD Collection only available for the PlayStation 3, which was released on November 25.In November 2011, Kojima discussed with the series' future commenting an upcoming Metal Gear Solid 5. Kojima said: 'I think we'll probably have to make it a sequel to MGS4 at some point, but what that will be, we have no idea.' Kojima stated that when Konami does get around to building the game, he will have less influence than he had on previous iterations in the series.
After the mixed fan reactions of the reveal of the rebooted action gameplay focused spin-off Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance, Hideo Kojima reassured fans that an 'authentic stealth Metal Gear Solid' sequel would be coming in the future.During a discussion panel at the in March 2012, Kojima stated 'I am working on something that I think will become the shining moment' for his career and the Metal Gear series. During the franchise's 25th anniversary, Konami revealed a demo for a new game in the Metal Gear series,. A social game for the, was released in December 2012.On December 7, 2012, a teaser for was revealed on the. Following the teaser trailer, numerous video game-related websites and fansites reported the trailer's seemed connection to the Metal Gear series of video games. Although the trailer presented the game as being developed by Moby Dick Studio, there were a few hints that The Phantom Pain may have some connection to and the Metal Gear series due to the protagonist's resemblance to, as well as the head of Moby Dick Studio, Joakim Mogren's first name was an anagram of '. On March 27, 2013, Kojima announced at GDC 2013 that and The Phantom Pain were revealed to be two different portions of one work, with Metal Gear Solid: Ground Zeroes serving as the prologue and The Phantom Pain serving as the main story. Snake's usual English-language voice actor was not cast for the role.
Instead, Hollywood actor and producer portrayed the character through voice acting and.In 2015, Konami revealed that they were recruiting new staff members to develop a new Metal Gear game as Kojima left the company. On August 17, 2016, Konami announced during 2016 that a new Metal Gear game was in the works, known as. It is a spin-off game as well as a supplemental to Metal Gear Solid V as a whole, taking place between Ground Zeroes and The Phantom Pain. From top to bottom: Big Boss, Liquid Snake, and Solid Snake, three central characters in the Metal Gear series, as drawn by.In games, players control a character who has to infiltrate into his enemy's area alone to complete his mission.
Across the mission, the player receives assistance from a supporting team communicated by Codec. While the team tells the player hints about the mission, it also helps expand the characters through their interactions. During their debuts, player characters Solid Snake and Raiden are meant to represent the player while in the following games they acquire more defined personalities. A common motif in the series is the use of powerful enemies. As games were released, new concepts were given to the bosses to make them innovative and notice their strength. As the first games used humans with supernatural abilities, for Metal Gear Solid 4, the designers decided to use monsters rather than humans as enemies.
A notable was from Metal Gear Solid 3 that was meant to differentiate it from all the other bosses in the franchise due to its strategic gameplay. Another common motif has been the transformation of a previously normal character returning as a ninja.
It started with Kyle Schneider in Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake when he fought against Snake as 'Black Ninja'. Several other characters have done the same, including Gray Fox, Olga Gurlukovich, and Raiden.Much as Metal Gear began as partially a of of the time, characters were sometimes pastiches of contemporary action movie heroes. Metal Gear Solid characters have been designed. Several of their real names and aliases are references to various Hollywood films. Because of the time skip between games, a few of the characters have been redesigned to fit in the game's year.
With the improvements from new video game consoles like the PlayStation and PlayStation 2, the staff gave the characters a more realistic look although they initially had doubts about it. Kojima's thoughts regarding Snake's improved abilities by the time of Metal Gear Solid led to the concept of cloned characters who would be able to match him in combat. By Metal Gear Solid 2, Kojima was inspired by the novels to introduce a sidekick character in order to view Snake from a different perspective. Development. Has been in charge of directing the Metal Gear games since the series' debut.The first Metal Gear game was intended to be an action game that featured modern military combat.
However, the MSX2's hardware limited the number of on-screen bullets and enemies, which Hideo Kojima felt impeded the combat aspect. Inspired by, he altered the gameplay to focus on a prisoner escaping. In a series of articles written for Official PlayStation 2 Magazine, Hideo Kojima identified several Hollywood films as the primary sources of inspiration for the storylines and gameplay of the Metal Gear series.
He further noted that the series is what influenced him the most regarding the creation of Metal Gear Solid. The original plot has references to the paranoia during the mid-1980s that resulted from the. Following games would revolve around nuclear weapon inspections in Iraq and Iran, but such idea was left out due to growing concern regarding the political situation in the Middle East.
Other changes to the series were made in Metal Gear Solid 2 as a result of the.After Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake, Kojima planned to release the third Metal Gear game in 1994 for the in 1994. Besides changing the console, the game was renamed, and its subsequent sequels were given the word 'Solid' as the series started using. Since then, the games were designed to be more realistic to further entertain the players. Metal Gear Solid 3 was initially meant to be made for the PlayStation 3, but due to the long wait for the console, the game was developed for the PlayStation 2 instead. As previous game's settings were indoors areas due to difficulties with the consoles, since Metal Gear Solid 3, Kojima wished to drastically change it despite difficulties. Since Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty had several plot points unresolved, it was originally meant to leave it to players to discuss them to come to their own conclusions.
This has led to consistency issues in the English versions of Metal Gear Solid and Metal Gear Solid 2 as they mentioned plot elements that were further explored in Metal Gear Solid 4. Main article:Soundtracks for the first two games were produced by Iku Mizutani, Shigehiro Takenouchi, and Motoaki Furukawa. For Metal Gear Solid, Kojima wanted 'a full orchestra right next to the player'; a system which made modifications such as and to the currently playing track, instead of switching to another pre-recorded track.
Although these features could not be achieved at that time, they were implemented in Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty. Hideo Kojima chose, a from 's studio, as the composer for Metal Gear Solid 2 was highly publicized in the run-up to the game's release. Gregson-Williams would reprise his role in Metal Gear Solid 3 and Metal Gear Solid 4. Starting with Metal Gear Solid, theme songs have been provided by popular artists such as. Several soundtracks based on the games have also been published.Reception and legacy Aggregate review scoresAs of September 8, 2015. Game(PS1) 94(PC) 83-(PS2) 96(Xbox) 87(PS2) 87(PC) 77(GCN) 85(PS2) 91(PS2) 94(PSP) 75(PSP) 80(PSP) 78(PSP) 87(PSP) 65(PS3) 94(PSP) 89(X360) 90(PS3) 89(Vita) 81(3DS) 78(PC) 83(X360) 82(PS3) 80(PC) 80(XONE) 76(PS4) 75(PS3) 66(PC) 91(PS4) 93(XONE) 95(PC) 54(PS4) 60(XONE) 60The Metal Gear franchise has achieved great success, selling over 53.8 million copies as of March 2018.
Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty sold over 7 million copies worldwide, and is followed in sales by Metal Gear Solid, Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots, and Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain, all with 6 million. According to, Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots was the second fastest-selling PlayStation 3 game in the United Kingdom after. The PlayStation Portable games were met with notably lower sales, but it has been analyzed that this was because of the low sales of the console when the games were released. Metal Gear Survive, the first Metal Gear game to be developed since series creator Hideo Kojima left Konami, sold only a fraction of the sales made by Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain.The series as a whole (namely concerning the Kojima-directed titles) is often regarded as one of the most influential of all time and has received largely critical acclaim from critics and players. Most of the numbered installments are considered to be some of the. Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty currently possesses 95.09% on and 96/100 on, making it the highest-scoring game of the series to date. In 2002, IGN's editors ranked Metal Gear Solid as the best PlayStation game ever.
In Game Informer Magazine 's list of top 200 games of all time, Metal Gear Solid 2 ranked at No. 50 on the list. Was also voted as the fifth greatest PlayStation game in a poll from.
Metal Gear Solid and Metal Gear Solid 2 were featured in the 's 'The Art of Video Games' exhibition taking place from March 16 to September 30, 2012. Games have won multiple awards such as Metal Gear Solid, which won the 'Excellence Award for Interactive Art' by the, and Metal Gear Solid 2, which was given the award by.Metal Gear was the first mainstream, with the player starting the game unarmed, and sold over a million copies in the United States.
Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake evolved the stealth gameplay of its predecessor and is considered one of the best 8-bit games of all time. Metal Gear and Metal Gear 2 are credited with pioneering stealth mechanics. Metal Gear Solid, which debuted at the 1996, was the first stealth game, and is credited with popularizing the stealth game genre, as well as the mechanic.
The series pioneered the integration of cinematic techniques into video games, especially Metal Gear Solid which considers the 'first modern video game'.Several boss fights have been praised for their variety and strategy required to beat them. The series is notorious for its breaking scenes. The storyline has been commented to maintain 'rich characterization' while touching on some controversial themes. Hideo Kojima's ambitious script in Metal Gear Solid 2 has been praised, some calling it the first example of a video game, while others have argued that it anticipated concepts such as,. The series' storytelling in general has received praise for being among 'the most fascinating science fiction stories in any medium'.
The series' cutscenes have often been praised for their graphics and the characters' stunt performances. Nevertheless, a common criticism has been the scenes' lengthiness, as well as some parts of the storyline.
Raiden's unexpected introduction as the main protagonist in Metal Gear Solid 2, due to his lack of appearances in the games' trailers and how he replaces fan-favorite character Solid Snake, has been deemed as one of the most controversial parts of the entire series. The series' audio has been acclaimed to the point of receiving awards for its use of sound and music.The Metal Gear series inspired numerous video game developers. And designer Clint Hocking stated that every stealth-action game 'owes its existence to the success of Metal Gear' and that, 'Without Metal Gear, there would be no stealth games.'
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Splinter Cell producer said ' Metal Gear Solid was a huge inspiration for Splinter Cell' and it 'was a pioneer for both the genre and the quality of directing'. Founder said Metal Gear Solid 's 'story, script, characters, voice acting, and cinemas' were 'a landmark' and 'guiding light to the future of videogames.' And creator cited the military themes and action gameplay of Metal Gear as a major influence on his work, and he named Gears of War in homage to Metal Gear. Creator Tom Leonard said Metal Gear Solid 's success convinced them that experimental stealth gameplay could be marketable and 'revitalized the team' in 'the closing months of the project.'
Designer Emily Knox cited Metal Gear Solid as an early formative influence on their work. Animator Luke Kelly said the game's animations were inspired by Metal Gear Solid 4. Critics have also noted that the 2014 film has a number of striking similarities to scenes and plot elements from the Metal Gear Solid series, particularly Metal Gear Solid 2.